Journal article for Interprofessional practice beyond the health care

Diary for Interprofessional practice past the human services framework - Article Example The creators suitably finished up by expressing that â€Å"changing wellbeing practice ought to also be a joint responsibility† (Timmermans and Mauck, 2005, p. 26). as accomplices in education† and distributed in The Hearing Journal underscored the significance for audiologists to work collaborately with educators, guardians and discourse language pathologists in the proposing intercessions on youngsters who are weakened with hearing issues. The creator introduced data comparative with the children’s instructive setting, every day homeroom schedule, students’ character and scholarly execution, just as the help administrations got in the school setting. Harrison’s discoveries demonstrate that â€Å"audiologists who effectively participate in a gainful relationship with their patients’ instructors will discover (educators and discourse language pathologists) to be significant partners† (Harrison, 2001, p. 60). The talk conveyed on October 25, 2011 on Health Practitioner Practice 2 introduced at first the meanings of between proficient practice, between proficient training and between proficient learning; just as elucidated other basic terms inside this theme (uni-or intra-proficient, multi-proficient, multi-disciplinary, cooperation and trans-proficient). The talk in like manner dug into the significance of examining between proficient practices, too the advantages concurred by cooperating. The method of reasoning for current enthusiasm for the subject was likewise disclosed because of evolving socioeconomics, among others. All the more critically, the suggestions for understudies were featured to improve between disciplinary experience through expanded information, aptitudes and abilties in taking care of the conveyance of wellbeing administrations across multi-disciplinary settings (HLTH1306: Health Practitioner Practice 2 2011). The readings and talk notes have really stressed the significance of teaming up with other human services

Berthe Morisot, The PInk Dress, 1870 and YOung Woman Sitting on a Research Paper

Berthe Morisot, The PInk Dress, 1870 and YOung Woman Sitting on a Sofa, 1879 - Research Paper Example In any case, a lady craftsman additionally had a place with this gathering yet was not recognized in the workmanship history or by the contemporary pundits. She is Berthe Morisot, with in excess of 400 works of art amazingly. The greater part of Berthe Morisot’s works of art separated from her scene artworks have ladies in her family as the subject. There is a hidden oddity in the contemporary just as present day see focuses and reactions of Berthe’s masterpieces and Berthe as a craftsman. While books on craftsmanship history don't show her as a significant Impressionist, or partner her as a supporter or understudy of Manet, and her attempts to follow his style, women's activist workmanship and history pundits view these as basically male centric. Anyway clashing the perspectives are, it ought to be viewed as that nothing else could be a superior wellspring of learning the procedures of Berthe’s craftsmanship than her artistic creations themselves. The scrutinizes are understandings painted in various social and ideological hues. Berthe Morisot’s sex, economic wellbeing, individual connections affected her as a craftsman, from the decision of the topic to the composition procedures received. This paper investigates Berthe Morisot painting procedure and thinks about two of her works of art â€Å"The Pink Dress† (1870) and â€Å"Young Woman Seated on a Sofa (1879) to conclude the turns of events and changes in the last composition from the previous one. Additionally, it examinations her craft from a point of view of Berthe as a lady, impressionist and a middle class. [Thesis articulation in the wake of completing the essay] A couple have indicated enthusiasm for considering the workmanship method and the social foundation of Berthe Morisot. This has occurred after her works increased global notoriety post-passing. A nearby perception of the qualities of the period wherein Berthe lived would be of incredible assistance to contextualize her as a lady craftsman of nineteenth century. Anne Higonnet’s account of Berthe Morisot is a huge work that illuminates Berthe as an individual and

Our top 10 essay referencing tips

Our top 10 essay referencing tips Our top 10 essay referencing tips We've constructed a list of our top 10 essay referencing tips to help you achieve a high-quality essay and ensure that you're following all of your universities set referencing requirements. Let's get started... 1. Familiarise yourself ...with the most popular essay referencing systems, which are most notably Oxford (footnotes) and Harvard (parenthetical). You can read more on the systems here, or use the Internet to find articles offering guidance on the notation of the major systems, and how and when to use them. 2. Determine ...whether you are expected to use a particular system. In higher education, most work will carry detailed specifications regarding format and referencing, as well as content. In such cases be sure to adopt the required referencing system rather than simply making up your own mind. 3. Know when ...to reference. Referencing is for more than just quotes. Direct quotation of another’s work requires a reference, but so too does paraphrasing of some else's ideas. A good rule of thumb is that whenever a part of your work is substantially dependent on other material for its content, reference must be made to that other work. 4. Be thorough Referencing is essential for all higher-level academic work because it allows an interested reader to trace the origin of ideas and relevant external material. Incomplete information is an obstacle to this kind of research, so a thorough and meticulous approach is absolutely essential. 5. Be consistent Determine a system and stick to it to ensure full clarity. Inconsistent use of referencing is a distraction to the reader and indicates carelessness of thought, lack of attention, and disregard for scholarly conventions. A tidy page implies a tidy mind, and this will always score more highly. 6. Beware ...multiple publication dates. Many books â€" especially the best ones â€" have enjoyed many reprints, so it is necessary to be sure that your references can be traced to the right pages in the right volumes. It's usually sufficient to cite the date of the publication you are using, but often it can be informative to give the original publication date also, particularly if considering the history of emerging ideas. 7. Is the text a translation? If so, you should bear in mind the tip above, namely that the original language version was probably published at least a year earlier. Also avoid the trap of taking the translator as the name of a co-author, as this will rather diminish your scholarly credentials! 8. Pay attention to authors and editors Edited volumes make up a huge part of many areas of academic literature. Don’t confuse author with editor, and always refer to the former rather than the latter. In your list of references you should tackle the problem, thus: Bloggs, J. ‘How to write a list’, in Doe, J. (ed). 1997 Lists: How To and How Not To, TORG Publishing. 9. Be specific Different essay referencing systems and different usage of material will require various levels of specificity, e.g. author, year and page number, or just author and year. There can be an element of your own judgement here, but where possible follow the established rules of your adopted system. 10. Learn from the best The most useful tip of all: look at how published academics do it. Any decent journal article will have a long list of references likely to contain edited volumes, translated material, collaborations and reprints; simply copy the notation. Also look at the text itself to find a model for parenthetical referencing or footnotes. You may also like... 5 reasons you need your work edited by an academic Understanding feedback from your essay marker Marking: from a marker’s perspective custom essayessay referencingessay tipsharvard referencingreferencinguk essays

Importance Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Todays...

Jait Shukla ENG W 131 Essay 2 Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility in Today’s Society Before five years, I came across a situation which led me to think about the importance and need of social responsibility by business enterprises. To start off giving a brief background, my brother was a fresh graduate from the school of architecture where he got his first individual contract in India. He had to design a mall that was planned to kick start after a few years. The land where it was being constructed belonged to an old age home. It was a well-known home for old people to spend their remaining years. Being his first project, my brother was really enthusiastic and gave all his hard work. Later, he got to know about the old age home that was present there. He and his team were in a quandary situation of whether or not to appeal to their company’s executive board to discuss this issue. On one hand, they were pressurized by the board to complete the project on time, as millions of equities were at stake. Whereas, on the other hand, they were feeling a sense of immoral behavior on their part. His team came up with a proposal that was designed to support both, the mall and the old age home by retaining a part of this property with the latter. The proposal was rejected, and my brother and his team withdrew from that project. This experience was narrated to me by my brother, which drew me towards the need of the business houses to be sensitive towards the society. Therefore,Show MoreRelatedImportance Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Todays Society1136 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Corporate Social Responsibility in today’s society Before five years, I came across a situation which led me to think about the importance and need of social responsibility by business enterprises. To start off giving a brief background, my brother was a fresh graduate from the school of architecture where he got his first individual contract in India. He had to design a mall that was planned to kick start after few years. The land where it was being constructed belonged to an oldRead MoreThe Link Between Corporate Social Responsibility And The Competitive Advantage Of A Company1332 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to show that the link between Corporate Social Responsibility the competitive advantage of a company is often viewed to be positive if environmental limits, social needs corporate interests are all coordinated within the given framework (Porter Kramer, 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be classified as the actions of firms that contribute to social welfare, beyond what is required for profit maximization (McWilliams, 2015). 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Corporations have a crucial role and responsibility in today’s society. As the power of the nation state is increasingly in decline, the influence of businesses is only expanding and intensifying. Companies and their decisions have a profound impact on communities, individuals and the environment. Therefore, these organisations must assume a significant responsibility in today’s globalised society. As BryanRead MoreCorporate Social Responsability for Supermarkets1522 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility This essay will introduce analysis of the UK supermarket sector and its impacts on a wide range of stakeholders .The responsibility for buying and selling is rapidly shifting. In today’s rising global community, supermarkets have embraced corporate social responsibility as an important element of their original role in contributing to shared goals, however in addition it enhances their capacity to the base line. In addition, trade seeks to establish their own valuesRead MoreCSR in singapore Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿MGMT003: Business, Government and Society Individual Assignment: Is CSR in Singapore real or lip service? Is CSR in Singapore real or a lip service? Since independence, the Singapore government has established several regulations and codes of practices in the fields of corporate governance, industrial relations, safety standards, pollution control etc. and companies are expected to meet these requirements. This had led to the adoption of implicit CSR practices in Singapore companies, with

Barbie Girl by Aqua a Gender Bias Song Essays - 1047 Words

What makes a great song? Well, depending on the genre, audiences usually listen to the beat of the song and the voice of the singer, however the meaning behind the song is the most important. Barbie Girl is a song by a band called Aqua and it meritoriously demonstrates human foolishness within society through the use of textual elements such as tone, diction, repetition, as well as visual features. This song is a feminist satire cunningly disguised in a childish, friendly pop hit targeted to young adults and teenagers as it mocks the way a majority of them may think and act as she ridicules how they are desperately trying to resemble Barbie. Aqua uses a sarcastic tone to help send across the purpose of the text. Moreover, the tone†¦show more content†¦Essentially, Barbie is a doll that is being controlled by whoever is playing with it, the same way the media is controlling and influencing a lot of people in the world. The repetition used by Aqua emphasizes the supremacy of men, progressing the diction and tone. A line that has been repeated a lot throughout the song was â€Å"Come on Barbie, let’s go party† and even though it may be an ordinary invitation to go out, in context with the rest of the song it is additional acknowledgement of Ken’s control in the situation and explains how the man is supposed to take the woman out and she is expected to just go out with him. In addition, the word â€Å"Barbie† has been repeated so many times indicating this is all just a Barbie’s world and it’s unrealistic, also it support the idea of women’s fragility as well as powerlessness in the men’s hands. Yet another example of repetition used was the line â€Å"Life in Plastic, it’s fantastic†, this line refers back to the 90’s, the age of plastic surgery where woman would change their bodies to match the ideal one. Also, surgeons wou ld get paid millions to add â€Å"plastic† parts to women to make them look like dolls people would buy off shelves in markets. Some women have no control of their lives because of the pressure it takes to be a perfect woman and meet the men’s standards. Aqua seems to intentionally draw an overly sexual perspective of Barbie and Ken dolls. This lures a lot of attention to the problems with the dolls and the

Gothic Cathedral of Florence Free Essays

This Gothic Cathedral of Florence is now becoming a great difficulty for me. If the Cathedral’s commission was given to me from the beginning of the construction, it would not have been such a pain. But this unfinished dome! Oh my God! Sometimes I get afraid if I am not able to complete it with perfection, I am not going to get even good food from the King. We will write a custom essay sample on Gothic Cathedral of Florence or any similar topic only for you Order Now I sometimes wish I was not an architect I always wanted to become a musician. I could have listened to music all day long. I even though of starting up a musical school of mine but the desires of the King have led me to this place. I do not want to get insane. I will have to take some step. Decided! I am going to buy a sheep or a goat from Frodo. I know he will sell me one of his sheep or a goat. Then I am going to make a bagpipe out of the sheep skin. These bagpipes are not available in this city. Nothing is good about this city except the food. Then I will take this bagpipe to the King and tell him that I am a musician by birth and I have changed my occupation now. But will he kill me then? Diary you tell me, you tell me, will he kill me or spare me? I do not want to die. I am not becoming any musician. I am a good architect and will die an architect. Diary, I am now going to design the dome, a dome which has not been designed before. This will be the first dome of its type. August 30th, 1436 I am glad the dome is completed now. I do not believe that I have done it though it took very long. I am tired now I have to get some rest. I should go to some other city of Greece or Rome and leave Italy now for some time. I do not admire the dome so much as others do. I have not even gotten a chance to see it clearly myself. God seriously I have done some hard work on the dome and I am really proud of it. I hope the dome will remain as it is now for centuries. The material used in the structure has been the best available. If war does not struck Italy, this dome will remain enact for some centuries I believe. I wish my father was alive at this moment I would celebrate this moment with him and I am sure he would be really proud of his son who helped the King in building the largest dome ever built. The King has invited me at the dinner; God knows how many presents I am going to receive from all the friends of the King. Only this thing worries me that when will the dome be decorated with the tiles and stones that I have recommended. I hope the dome is completed in my lifetime though I do not wish to live too long in this world. And yes today I am going to thank all of the supporters who helped me in the making of the dome. Lorenzo has been very supportive as he also took over the construction when I was suffering from illness. I am getting late for the dinner now I have to wear the clothes and leave for the dinner the horse cart must have arrived. How to cite Gothic Cathedral of Florence, Papers

SONYs Eco Innovation for Televisions A Memo

Considering the existing opportunities which Sony will use to follow a more environmentally friendly policy, one must admit that the differences between the units which are sold in the new markets and the ones which are provided from the markets in the rest o0f the countries. Hence, a reasonable solution can be increasing the control over the units which are sold in new markets.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on SONY’s Eco Innovation for Televisions: A Memo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another good suggestion for the company will be to sell the newly developed TV sets in ample amounts, which will make the percentage of the units with high carbon emission levels lower. Finally, suggesting people to replace their old TV sets with new environmentally friendly models for a token fee can be rather costly, yet efficient and will most likely to pay off in the future. In the light of the fact that SONY†™s reputation is at stake and, therefore, its popularity among the general public is threatened (IMD), it is necessary to come up with other solutions which will help create the image of a company with a completely environmentally safe policy. Therefore, more productive ideas concerning the company products are required. To start with, SONY can launch a new brand which will promote using environmentally safe technology and will help people become aware of the threats which commonly used technology poses to the world, while promoting the devices which are much safer and less threatening to the environment. Hence, an action plan must be developed for the further course of the company. First of all, it will be necessary to get better control of the market and check that the technology which is nowadays considered harmful must be either eliminated to replace with its safer substitute. Then, the company must think through the advertising campaign for its further line of devices that wi ll replace their usual harmful prototypes. Finally, the rates of the CO2 emissions are to be recalculated and the data on the issue must be offered to the WWF. When putting the given plan into practice, the company must also take into account the competitiveness issue. Before offering a certain product to the market, SONY must analyze carefully the technology which has already been established in the market and evaluate their chances, developing the devices which have not been introduced to the customers by any other company yet.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As for the devices which match what the rivals offer, specific marketing strategy must be developed; stressing the fact that the given technologies are completely environmentally friendly, in contrast to the ones offered Ð ½Ã ¸ the rivals, SONY is likely to win. The issue of risks must be touched upon as well. It goes without saying that such radical change in SONY production as shifting from CO2-emitting to environmentally safe products will take a lot of time, resources and finances. In addition, the customers might not like the final product, preferring the traditional radiation-emitting devices to the environmentally safe technology offered by the company. Moreover, calculating the exact amount of financial resources which the given venture is going to take is rather complicated, which means that the company will suffer considerable losses. However, in the light of the Ð °Ã' Ã µ that SONY can improve its reputation and surpass the competitors, obtaining a reputation of an environmentally friendly company is well worth the risks. Works Cited IMD. â€Å"Lowering CO2 Emissions from Products: SONY’s Eco-Innovation for Televisions.† WWF Climate Savers 12 Jan. 2010: 1-2. Print. This case study on SONY’s Eco Innovation for Televisions: A Memo was written and submitted by user Christina Wagner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Adam and Eva Essays

Adam and Eva Essays Adam and Eva Paper Adam and Eva Paper A man said to me once, that youll never realize the limits of time until you hit a certain age; the finite-news of it all. I still wonder each day what Ralph Williams really meant when he foretold me those queer words, while in the middle of discussing literary themes which has transcended through time. The Irony with this, I guess, Is why In my life are so many of the great themes Vive enjoyed, gone? Was he really forewarning me of this nostalgic tragedy we will face, or realize, one day? Has that day come for me? I often attribute the story of Adam and Eve with that of a typical relationship. A man Is young and carefree, enjoying his life In the fair Garden of Eden with a woman he enjoys to be with. With no of good or evil responsibilities ever haunting his naked, pure senses. But then Eve brings forth apple, Oh the Apple! What Is this apple you force me to eat, Eve? It Is this apple that steals away my bachelorhood! No longer can I roam naked around the garden and do as I wish, but rather I must now bare a child with you and toil the rough soil to support us all. Why, Eve, have you seduced me with this forsaken apple, which has stolen all the pureness and freedom away room? Is it really this simple apple, which I have now eaten that makes me see the tragic end? Is it this simple apple that makes me a man? Then what is so great about being a man? Oh cursed woman, why do you force me to eat such pain? To follow your rules, Oh I believe the wicked apple really is the downfall of all men, and the end to his glory. The moment in time, when that apple is handed to the man from the wicked woman who now takes control of his soul, chaining him to her and her ways.. Why are we made so weak to fall for such a tragedy after all these millenniums?

Tree Leaf Abscission and Cellular Senescence

Tree Leaf Abscission and Cellular Senescence Leaf abscission occurs at the end of annual plant senescence which causes the tree to achieve winter dormancy. Abscission The word abscission in biological terms means shedding of various parts of an organism. The noun is of Latin origin and was first used in 15th century English as a word to describe the act or process of cutting off. Abscission, in botanical terms, most commonly describes the process by which a plant drops one or more of its parts. This shedding or dropping process includes spent flowers, secondary twigs, ripe fruits and seeds and, for the sake of this discussion, a leaf. When leaves fulfill their summer duty of producing food and growth regulators, a process of shutting down and sealing off the leaf begins. The leaf is connected to a tree via its petiole and the twig-to-leaf connection is called the abscission zone. The connective tissue cells in this zone specifically grow to be easily broken apart when the sealing process begins and have a built-in weak point which allows for proper shedding. Most deciduous (means falling in Latin) plants (including hardwood trees) drop their leaves by abscission before winter, while evergreen plants (including coniferous trees) continuously abscise their leaves. Fall leaf abscission is thought to be caused by a reduction of chlorophyll due to shortened hours of sunlight. The zone connective layer begins to harden and blocks the transport of nutrients between the tree and leaf. Once the abscission zone has been blocked, a tear line forms and the leaf is blown away or falls off. A protective layer seals the wound, preventing water evaporating and bugs getting in. Senescence Interestingly, abscission is the very last step in the process of cellular senescence of deciduous plant/tree leaves. Senescence is a naturally designed process of the aging of certain cells that takes place in a series of events that prepares a tree for dormancy. Abscission can also occur in trees outside of autumn shedding and dormancy. Leaves of plants can abscise as a means of plant defense. Some examples of this are: dropping of insect-damaged and diseased leaves for water conservation; leaf fall after biotic and abiotic tree stresses including chemical contact, excessive sunlight, and heat; increased contact with plant growth hormones.

Critically discuss the main theories of corporate governance, focusing Essay

Critically discuss the main theories of corporate governance, focusing in particular on how they apply to different types of co - Essay Example What this means is that corporate governance could be looked at from a perspective of the legal administration of different businesses. In effect, mechanisms and acts that would constitute corporate governance in one firm or business may not constitute corporate governance in another because of differences in the legal organization of the companies involved. Interesting, the demarcations that company law gives to the various forms of companies inform the basis of the existence of various corporate governance theories. With reference to company law, corporate governance could generally be seen as the legal mandate that binds players in various organizations and institutional set ups to ensure that companies meet the interest of all stakeholders, defined to include shareholders, customers, employees and the government3. Contract Theory and Corporate Theory Contract theory and corporate theory remain two of the major forms of theories of corporate governance. As indicated earlier, these two theories are directly related to the allocation and differentiations that exists in the types of business under company law. With reference to corporate theory, its principles could be dated to as far back as the era of â€Å"artificial† entity theory. The artificial entity theory dates back to the dates before the 1800s when governments made special legislations to ensure that the power to operate corporations was vested in the power and authority of public benefit units4. Some of these public benefit entities included schools, churches and the larger community. However, these public benefit units were not the outright owners of the corporations but the government. It is in light of this simulated ownership that the theory became known as the artificial entity theory. In relation to the present study, it would be noted that the corporate theory has a lot of influence on corporate governance in the sense that because the cooperation are supposedly owned by government, th ere are State defined legislations that affect and influence their operations. Though many who belong to the fiction theory school of thought hold that â€Å"corporations are simply legal fictions, created and sustained by an act of the state†5 and that there are weaker internal management principles that defeat the principles of corporate governance, the reality is that in a state where institutions are made to function properly, there is no way managers can expect to go away with lapses in corporate governance. Under contract theory, reference is made to contract-based corporate theory where actors in various companies and organizations are expected to play a collaborative role in ensuring that they use asymmetric information to regularize the construct of contractual arrangements6. In effect, the contract theory expects that managers and administrators would work and function as people who have been assigned to play specific roles within a specific timeframe for a specific reward. Essentially, contract theory greatly affects corporate governance because it is said to be an avenue by which managers and stakeholders in the running of businesses feel fundamentally obliged to work and operate within the premises of the contracts they agreed upon7. In certain quarters, this has been said to

OUTLINE THE MAIN CRITICISM OF THE CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THESIS MADE BY Essay

OUTLINE THE MAIN CRITICISM OF THE CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THESIS MADE BY MEDIA GLOBALISATION THEORISTS. ARE THESE CRITICISM VALID - Essay Example There are two theories that explain media globalization which include media imperialism and modernization. Globalization is the process by which contemporary society and other countries are connected and interrelated by cultural experiences and trade communication. Global sale of films, media products and the internet brings together people in the developing countries and western countries in direct contact2. Cultural imperialism concept is used to refer to the cultural influence of a developed country on the developing nations. Cultural globalization is the emergence of beliefs and values that are shared by the entire world. The critics of the cultural imperialism believed that cultural imperialists do not have empirical explanation and practical evidence. Cultural imperialism involves spreading modernity whereby it leads to cultural loss but not cultural expansion. There has not been any group of conspirators who spread any specific culture. However, global economic and technological advancement decreased the value and importance of national culture3. It would be baseless to attribute global development to any one culture. The idea of cultural imperialism or voluntary cultural conquest is not relevant. Instead, all the countries in the world irrespective of their location are subject to worldwide cultural change. Cultural imperialism is not valid because what the people watch in the mass media can be advantageous to them. Certain programs aired by the western media have a positive influence on the third world countries depending on whether to use them or not for instance, some countries staged a revolution after watching certain programs aired by the western television. That does not mean the audience were compelled to doing so but because they found it necessary because they had the belief that it was the best way. Western cultural imperialism is considered irrelevant because some third

Current cognitive models of PTSD

Current cognitive models of PTSD The treatment literature of the past twenty years reflects an enormous interest in discovering the most effective psychological therapy for clients with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD. The overall aim of this paper is to critically evaluate current cognitive models of PTSD and literature on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapies to treat this disorder based on these models. Definitions of PTSD In the Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) trauma is defined as: (a) The person experienced, witnessed or was confronted with an event that involved actual or perceived threat to life or physical integrity; and (b) the persons emotional response to this event included horror, helplessness or intense fear. Foa and Meadows (1997, p. 450). In DSM-IV psychological symptoms of PTSD are categorised into three cluster symptoms: re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing and increased arousal, which arise after the person is exposed to a traumatic stressor. The recurrent re-experiencing symptoms e.g. flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, have been considered the hallmark of PTSD (e.g. Foa Rothbaurn, 1992). The second cluster includes avoidance of trauma-related stimuli and numbing of general responsiveness e.g. deliberately avoiding trauma-related stimuli and symptoms of emotional numbing (Foa, Hearst-Ikeda, Perry, 1995; Litz, 1993). The latter are considered distinguishing features of PTSD (Foa Meadows, 1997). The third symptom cluster includes increased arousal e.g. hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, difficulty sleeping and irritability (APA, 1994). Current Government Guidelines on the treatment of PTSD Determining effective and efficient treatments for PTSD has become a priority in light of the conditions prevalence and the many techniques and interventions available. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence, NICE, reviewed the most robust outcome research and produced guidelines, to inform and guide clinical practice for the psychological treatment of PTSID in adults (NICE, 2005). The guidelines were based on an independent, systematic, rigorous and multistage process of identifying, reviewing and appraising evidence for the effective treatment of PTSD. These guidelines conclude that individuals with PTSD should receive either trauma focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, TFCBT or Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, EMDR. However, a distinction is made between single incident trauma and more complex presentations, and the guidelines suggest increasing the total number of sessions accordingly. Although the guidelines appear helpful for the treatment of single incid ent PTSD, they are arguably not as informative for treatment approaches for a large group of individuals with complex PTSD. This presents difficulties for the clinician and client in deciding the most effective therapeutic options. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the most extensively researched therapy for individuals with PTSD (Foa Meadows, 1997) and many studies support its efficacy in reducing symptom severity (e.g. Foa et al., 1995; Foa Jaycox, 1996; Foa, Rothbaurn, Riggs, Murdock, 1991; Resick Schnicke, 1992; Richards, Lovell, Marks, 1994; Thompson, Charlton, Kerry, Lee, Turner, 1995). However, CBT for PTSD encompasses diverse techniques. These include exposure procedures, cognitive restructuring procedures, and combinations of both these techniques. Exposure Therapy Exposure therapy is based on the premise that imaginal exposure (IE) to the trauma or feared situation, leads to symptom reduction. The theory argues prolonged activation of traumatic memories leads to emotional processing of the affective information, habituation of anxiety and integration of corrective information (Foa et al., 1995). Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment based on exposure therapy is efficacious in reducing PTSD (e.g. Foa et al., 1999; Frueh, Turner, Beidel, Mirabella, Jones, 1996; Keane, Fairbank, Cadell, Zimmering, 1989). Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdoch (1991) investigated exposure therapy, stress inoculation (a type of Anxity Management Treatment, AMT), supportive counselling, and a non-treatment group in the treatment of PTSD as a result of rape. Clinical ratings of symptoms and standardized psychometric tests were examined before and after treatment as well as at a 3-month follow-up. The stress inoculation intervention showed greater results than the counselling and non-treatment conditions at post-test. However, at the follow-up, the individuals participating in exposure therapy showed more improvements of PTSD symptoms than individuals in the other groups. Research has investigated the efficiency of exposure therapy compared to different methods of treatment. For instance, Tarrier et al. (1999) investigated exposure therapy and cognitive therapy in the treatment of individuals with PTSD arising from several different traumatic incidents. The two groups demonstrated noteworthy decrease in PTSD symptoms that was still present at the 6-month follow up. Although results were positive for both groups, there was no non-treatment control against which these two active treatments could be evaluated. Similarly, Foa et al. (1999) compared exposure therapy to AMT and then combined the two treatments. These three groups were compared to a non-treatment control group. All three of these treatments effectively reduced symptoms of rape-related PTSD and resulted in functional improvement. There were no differences among the three treatment groups on outcome measures, but all three groups improved more than the non-treatment comparison group did. In a study that once again compared exposure therapy to cognitive therapy, Marks, Lovell, Noshirvani, Livanou, and Thrasher (1998) examined these two treatments alone and in combination in outpatients with PTSD secondary to a wide range of traumatic events. A relaxation therapy condition was employed as the primary comparison group. All three active treatment conditions showed significant improvement, and greater improvement than that observed in the relaxation group. The three active treatments did not differ from one another on the key outcome variables. Several investigations have advanced the field of PTSD treatment, even though the methodology utilized in the outcome study limited the conclusions that could be drawn. Frank and Stewart (1983) reported the effects of systematic desensitization on women who had been raped and who developed significant psychological symptomatology. Compared to an untreated comparison group, those women treated with graduated exposure improved most on a range of anxiety and depression symptom measures. Richards, Lovell, and Marks (1994) compared imaginal and in vivo exposure in a randomized study of survivors of diverse traumatic events. At the 12-month follow-up, patients reported consistent reductions in PTSD symptoms and improved social adjustment. These data further substantiate the effectiveness of exposure therapy for some individuals, and also suggest that improvements in symptoms are also reflected in critical domains of life functioning. In summary, the existing data support the use of exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD. In a previous review of this literature, Solomon, Gerrity, and Muff, (1992), (Sited in Shapiro, 1995) derived the same conclusion from data available at that time. Similar conclusions were drawn by Otto, Penava, Pollack, and Smoller (1996) in a more recent review of the literature. In what may ultimately prove to be an important lesson for the treatment of individuals exposed to traumatic events, Foa, Hearst-Ikeda, and Perry (1995) examined the efficacy of a brief intervention to prevent the development of chronic PTSD. For women who had been recently raped, the authors developed a program based upon that which worked so well in earlier trials with chronic PTSD. Exposure therapy figured prominently in the package of treatments assembled. This package also included elements of education, breathing retraining, and cognitive restructuring. When individuals receiving the package were compared to a matched control group, this study found that at 2 months after intervention only 10% of the treated group met criteria for PTSD, while 70% of the untreated comparison group did. As information continues to grow on exposure therapy, there is a distinct need for studies to examine combinations of treatments, to employ measures that assess social and occupational functioning, and to address the impact of treatments on comorbid psychological conditions. Clearly, the available efficacy studies demonstrate the value of extending the use of exposure therapies to patients with PTSD. However future studies assessing the generalization of exposure therapy from laboratory trials to clinical settings would be particularly useful. When exposure therapy has been compared to other forms of cognitive therapy, such as cognitive restructuring (see below), it has proved to be more successful in reducing PTSD. Tarrier et al., (1999) compared Cognitive Therapy (CT) with imaginal exposure therapy (IE) for 72 people with chronic PTSD, and concluded that there was no significant difference between the two groups initially or at 12 month follow up. Participants recruited were obtained from a sample of referrals to primary and secondary mental health services and voluntary services, indicating that they were representative of a genuine clinical sample. However, 50% of the sample remained above clinical significance for PTSD symptoms after treatment was completed, although this dropped to 25% at six-month follow-up. This lack of improvement may have been influenced by participants failure to attend sessions regularly. Furthermore, those who did not show improvement rated the therapy as less credible and were rated as less m otivated by the therapist. Therefore, it is argued that motivation for therapy and regular attendance plays an important role in outcome of therapy regardless of treatment model. A further limitation of this study was that no control group was used and non-specific treatment factors and spontaneous remission could also account for the improvements in reported symptoms. Cognitive Restructuring Cognitive restructuring is based on the theory that identifying and modifying catastrophic and unrealistic interpretations of the traumatic experience leads to symptom reduction. Recent models have emphasised the importance of correcting cognitive distortions in the adaptive recovery of people following trauma (Ehlers Clarke, 2000). Ehlers, Clark, Hackmann, McManus, and Fennell (2005) utilized cognitive therapy based on the cognitive model of PTSD (see Ehlers Clarke, 2000). From this model, the aim of therapy is to modify excessively negative appraisals, correct the autobiographical memory disturbance and to remove the problematic behavioural and cognitive strategies. In a randomised controlled trial, twenty-eight participants who were referred to a community mental health team were diagnosed with PTSD. Fourteen participants were randomly allocated to immediate cognitive therapy or a 13-week waiting list condition. Those receiving cognitive therapy had 12 weekly treatment sessions, based on the Ehlers and Clarke (2000) model of trauma focused CBT. Participants completed self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety and also completed the Sheehan Disability Scale (APA, 2000). Measures were completed pre and post treatment and at 6 month follow up. Results found that CT for PTSD was superior to a 3-m onth waiting list condition on measures of PTSD symptoms, disability and associated symptoms of anxiety and depression. This study had no dropouts, which is a significant improvement on other studies, which Yielded high dropout rates. (e.g. Tarrier et al., 1999). Participants displayed a positive change in cognitive appraisals. The Ehlers and Clarke (2000) model suggest that two other pathways of change, change in autobiographical memory of the trauma, and dropping of maintaining behaviours and cognitive strategies as integral in reducing symptoms of PTSD. Although the treatment addressed these other two factors, these have not been systematically measured, so it is difficult to conclude whether clients experienced a change in these two areas. Further analysis indicated that demographic, trauma and diagnostic variables did not predict treatment outcome, suggesting that the treatment is applicable to a wide range of trauma survivors. However, the degree in variation of trauma and small sample numbers suggests that this finding would not be present in a larger sample. Co-morbid depression and previous trauma history, which was present in over half the sample, did not negatively affect outcome. Combinations of therapy Resick and Schnicke (1992) have proffered a multidimensional behavioural treatment package for women who have rape-related PTSD. This package, entitled cognitive processing therapy (CPT), combines elements of exposure therapy, Anxiety Management Training (AMT), and cognitive restructuring. The cognitive therapy component of CPT involves addressing key cognitive distortions found among women who have been assaulted. In particular, these authors have designed interventions for addressing difficulties in safety, trust, power, self-esteem, and intimacy in the lives of survivors. In a preliminary evaluation of CPT, the authors compared outcomes at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 3 months follow-up, and 6 months follow-up for a treatment group and a non-treatment comparison group (no random assignment was used). On clinician ratings and psychometric inventories of PTSD, the individuals receiving CPT improved markedly. At the post-treatment assessment, impressively, none of the treated patie nts met criteria for PTSD. In a recently completed study, Resick, Nishith, and Astin (2000) reported on a comparison of CPT and exposure therapy in the treatment of rape-related PTSD. In general, the two treatments were equally effective and more effective than a non-treatment control condition. CPT did also seem to reduce comorbid symptoms of depression, as well as those of PTSD. Combination treatments that include an array of cognitive-behavioural strategies have the advantage of addressing multiple problems that people with PTSD may exhibit, as well as incorporating techniques that have considerable empirical support in the clinical literature. Keane, Fisher, Krinsley, and Niles (1994) described a treatment package including exposure therapy, AMT, and cognitive restructuring as central features of their approach to treating PTSD. This package employs a phase oriented approach to treating severe and chronic PTSD that includes the following six phases: (1) behavioural stabilization; (2) trauma education; (3) AMT; (4) trauma focus work; (5) relapse prevention skills; and (6) aftercare procedures. Although this approach has clinical appeal, it wasnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t until psychologists Fecteau and Nicki (1999) examined such a package in a randomized clinical trial for PTSD secondary to motor vehicle accidents that the impact of a combination package such as that proposed by Keane et al. (1994) was assessed. Their intervention consisted of trauma education, relaxation training, exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring, and guided behavioural practice. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention or to a non-treatment comparison group and received some 8à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬10 sessions of individualized treatment. The results of the intervention were successful as measured by clinical ratings, self-report questionnaires, and a laboratory-based psycho-physiological assessment procedure. Described by the authors as clinically and statistically significant, these treatment effects were maintained at the 6-month follow-up assessment. Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, Dang, and Nixon (2003) studied the effects of IE alone or IE with CR in the treatment of PTSD. They hypothesised that CR combined with IE would result in greater PTSD symptom reduction than exposure alone, which in turn would have greater benefits than a supportive counselling condition. Fifty-eight civilian trauma survivors, diagnosed with PTSD as measured by Clinician Administered. PTSD Scale, version 2, CAPS-2, (Blake et al., 1995) were randomly allocated to one of the three conditions. Each participant received eight weekly 90-minute sessions of either IE, CR and IE or supportive counselling. Participants completed assessments at pre and post treatment and 6 month follow up. These measured PTSD symptoms and psychopathology. Forty-five participants completed treatment and analysis indicated that dropouts had higher scores for depression, avoidance and higher catastrophic cognitions than those who completed. Results indicated that participants receiving bot h IE and IE/CR had greater reductions in PTSD symptoms and anxiety than supportive counselling (SC). The major finding of this study was that therapy involving IE and CR leads to greater reductions in CAPS-2 intensity scores than therapy involving IE alone. Furthermore, those receiving IE/CR, but not IE alone, reported fewer avoidance, depression and catastrophic cognitions than those receiving SC. The results from this study indicated that the combination of IE and CR are effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD. It can be argued that the reasons why IE/CR may have been more effective than augmented treatments in the past (e.g. Foa et al., 1999) was that the study carefully controlled for the amount of time actively spent on each treatment component. Furthermore, participants were instructed on CR before commencing IE so they understood the rationale behind the techniques prior to addressing the strong emotional components of IE. This may have increased their understanding and belief that it was a credible treatment approach. The finding that CR enhanced the treatment gains of IE may have been mediated by several possible mechanisms. IE and CR may involve common elements, including processing of emotional memories, integration of corrective information and development of self-mastery (Marks, 2000). Combining both interventions may provide the individual with greater opportunity to benefit. CR may have lead to greater symptom reduction as it specifically addressed identification and modification of maladaptive cognitions that may contribute to maintenance of PTSD and associated problems (Ehlers Clarke, 2000). Paunovic and Ost (2001), compared treatment outcome data for CBT and exposure therapy for sixteen refugees with PTSD. The authors excluded those who became too distressed in the initial interview, expressed a lack of confidence in the therapist or were misusing alcohol or drugs. Results indicated there was no significant difference between participants completing CBT or exposure therapy, being simila r to Tarrier et als (1999) findings. Criticisms of Paunovic and Ost (2001)s study are that participants did not use a self-report trauma measure, so although results are positive, there is no clear analysis of whether participants felt their trauma symptoms decreased as a result of the treatment. Further, it is not possible to generalise these findings to traumatised refugees in general, as this work is unique. Working with the use of an interpreter raises several ethical and sensitive issues, as the participant must be able to develop a therapeutic alliance with the therapist and trust the interpreter (Tribe, 2007). It could be argued that participants may have been experiencing a greater degree of trauma, not least because they had not yet learned the native language. Discussion The most effective CBT programs appear to be those that rely on repeated exposure to the trauma memory (Foa et al., 1999; Foa et al., 1991; Foa Rothbaum, 1992) on cognitive restructuring of the meaning of the trauma, (Ehlers Clarke, 2000) or a combination of these methods, (Resick Schnicke, 1992). Importantly, studies have concluded that trauma focused CBT is more effective than supportive counselling (Blanchard et al., 2003; Bryant et al., 2003). Whilst the studies reviewed have helpfully added to our understanding of PTSD there are numerous limitations of the applications of the findings. One in particular is an over-reliance on non-clinical samples of participants such that many claims of clinically effective therapy have been made from research with participants who were not within mental health systems, and despite having PTSD symptoms had not actively sought treatment. In addition, dropout rates in studies are high, particularly for those studies that did not use a clinical sample. This might have skewed the evidence particularly with approaches that used exposure-based therapy. Furthermore, most of the studies reviewed screened out those individuals experiencing the greatest amount of distress, avoidance and co-morbidity. Therefore results are biased towards those clients who were able to tolerate treatment and whose symptoms were not as chronic. Indeed, inclusion and exclusion criteria appear to have a great impact on outcome of treatment. For example, studies with a strict inclusion criteria (e.g. no co-morbidity, substance misuse, self harm) appear to have significant improvements, whilst other studies i.e. Kubany et al., (2003), allowed participants to continue with other therapy while embarking on their therapy. This makes it methodologically difficult to ascertain exactly what has been effective in reducing PTSD symptoms. As inclusion and exclusion criteria are idiosyncratic across studies, it makes it difficult to draw general conclusions regarding treatment effectiveness with a clinical population across studies. Studies often chose to focus therapy on identified groups, e.g. police officers. However, clients who experience PTSD do not form a homogeneous group and further, the symptoms experienced may be diverse even within a sample of individuals who have experienced the same trauma. Treatment studies often do not control for other factors that may be important contributing factors in outcome such as the role of education, quality of the therapeutic relationship, therapeutic alliance and other nonspecific factors. The literature was generally from American, British or European sources although clearly trauma is intercultural. This raises issues about how different cultures interpret PTSD, an essentially Western concept, and also whether the treatments advocated would be effective cross-culturally. Previous research has strongly indicated that PTSD is not an appropriate term to use in non-western situations (Summerfield, 1997), hence therapeutic approaches need to account for this. It is not clear in the majority of the research when the participant experienced the trauma, and at what point therapy started. Frequently these characteristics are omitted from studies, therefore making it difficult to compare effectiveness of studies. It is important to consider the types of clients who have been represented in the research and to look at whether it is representative of those who seek treatment. Finally, very little has been reported on the impact of other difficulties an individual is experiencing as PTSD can have a wide ranging impact on an individuals quality of life and functioning and most often clients have more complex presentations. Only very few studies reviewed controlled for this variable (see Ehlers et al., 2005). This is an inherent difficulty when completing research with a trauma population as within research it is important to obtain a sample that have a similar degree of difficulties in order to assess treatment efficacy. Several papers have evaluated different types of therapy according to particular groups. However, it appears that one size does not fit all in relation to PTSID. In particular the issues of culture and gender are of importance (see Liebling Ojiambo-Ochieng, 2000; Sheppard, 2000). Individual formulations of presenting problems and contexts, which informs therapy that is adapted to suit individual clients needs, may in fact be more helpful. It remains important to consider individual differences and client choice when offering trauma therapy. Trauma therapy outcome studies are limited by the fact that sufferers usually have other mental health problems alongside PTSD such as depression or social anxiety. Evaluation of effective treatment of trauma survivors therefore might need to go beyond medical diagnostic categories as most of the research excludes clients with co-morbid problems. A multifaceted intervention, based on clients own views, which addressed these other difficulties, may help reduce relapse and improve long-term efficacy of any PTSD treatment. As outlined in the methodological limitations section, much of the research reviewed has not used a genuine clinical sample, there are high dropout rates, widely variable inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the heterogeneity of PTSD has perhaps not yet been accounted for. It is therefore difficult to ascertain what is specifically helpful or effective within the treatment components. This seems to be the next area for consideration in research. Further research into the optimal length of treatment and timing of therapy, the effect of co-morbidity and the differing effects of individual and group therapy approaches for traumatised clients are required. Further controlled research is needed to ascertain if the types of therapies reviewed can provide long term lasting effects in reducing PTSD symptomatology. Currently the empirical data is generally limited to the assessment of short term, focused interventions, and it would be helpful to have controlled studies on longer-term treatment for more complex trauma cases. Further research would benefit from considering the clients views and experiences of therapy, this perspective was lacking in the literature reviewed. Service user and carer perspectives are beyond the scope of this review, however they have been highlighted as an important consideration within the NICE guidelines and therefore require further consideration in future research. Conclusion There appear to be at least three treatments with excellent empirical support for treating PTSD; exposure therapy, cognitive therapy or a combination of these methods. These three approaches have excellent empirical support in well-controlled clinical trials, manifest strong treatment effect sizes, and appear to work well across diverse populations of trauma survivors. However future studies to examine the effectiveness of these approaches in clinic settings are warranted. There is much to be learned about the treatment of PTSD. It is certain there will be no simple answers for treating people who have experienced the most horrific events life offers. Undoubtedly, combinations of treatments as proposed by Keane et al. (1994) and Resick and Schnicke (1992) may prove to be the most powerful interventions. PTSD research in this area is only in the earliest stages of its development. Finally, an assumption about the uniformity of traumatic events has been made in the literature in general. Although it is reasonable to speculate that fundamental similarities exist among patients who have experienced diverse traumatic events and then develop PTSD, whether these patients will respond to clinical interventions in the same way is an empirical question that has yet to be addressed. Studies posing a question such as this would be a welcome addition to the clinical literature: Will people with PTSD resulting from combat, torture, genocide, and natural disasters all improve as well as those treated successfully following rape, motor vehicle accidents, and assaults? This is a crucial issue that requires additional scientific study in order to provide clinicians with the requisite evidence supporting the use of available techniques. Research on the prevalence of exposure to traumatic events and the prevalence of PTSD has mainly been carried out in the United States. Yet there are fundamental errors in assuming that these prevalence rates apply even to other Western, developed countries. Studies that examine the prevalence of PTSD and other disorders internationally are clearly warranted. Implicit in this recommendation is the need to examine the extent to which current assessment instrumentation is culturally sensitive to the ways in which traumatic reactions are expressed internationally. Much work on this topic will be required before definitive conclusions regarding prevalence rates of PTSD internationally can be drawn. Studies of the effectiveness of the psychological treatments across cultures and ethnic groups are also needed. What may be effective for Western populations may be inadequate or possibly even unacceptable treatment for people who reside in other areas of the world and who have different world views, beliefs, and perspectives. This issue will need to be more closely examined before we can draw definitive conclusions. It is suggested that despite the type of treatment provided to individuals with trauma there is ultimately a need for a flexible, integrative approach to treatment in order to deal with the complex and varying needs of individual trauma survivors. A range of outcomes has been found with the types of approaches outlined in this review, it is unclear who will respond best to which treatment approach. However, what is important in determining the success of any psychological treatment of PTSD is that it is dependent upon establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance that is strong enough for the client to experience as safe and trusting for positive emotional change to occur.

Brazil and India business environment comparison Essay

The United States and Brazil entered into a common agreement targeting to improve democracy in the Western Hemisphere and to bring an accelerated growth in regional trade and development so that the governments of the region can ensure its citizens better scope for greater prosperity. (Common Goals and Challenges in Brazil-US’s Agenda) The prospects for conducting business in Brazil are tremendous in view of its 150 million possible consumers, a hugely diversified economy and a gross domestic product worth of US$447 billion. However, till the nation attains improved market and economic reforms, majority of the opportunities for US companies are prone to hover around particular sectors and projects. (Jennings, 14) The closed markets and heavy government interventions marked the economic development of Brazil during the last thirty years. During the 1960s and 1970s, such policies of import substitution and huge levels of international debt generated accelerated growth and industrialization however, giving rise to long term problems like long term economic difficulties, inclusive of high inflation, foreign debt difficulties and non-competitive industries. During the year 1990 the Government of Brazil initiated remarkable market liberalization measures including reduction of trade and investment barriers, declining import duties over 100% to a high of 35% inclusive of an average of 14%. Market liberalization also incorporated several tax and regulatory variations that have been of advantage to the foreign investors. The reduction of taxes on profit remittances and simplification of procedures and withdrawal of some of the disincentives to reinvest the profits have provided increasing scope for business activities in Brazil. As a result, the trend of the reaction of US companies was seen to be remarkable. (Jennings, 14) US companies exported goods of worth $6 billion enabling Brazil to be among the top 20 export markets of the world. The United States tends to maintain the position of being the single country supplier to Brazil constituting about one-third of the total of the Brazilian imports. The telecommunication and informatics market of Brazil extends fabulous prospective for US business, for the equipment manufacturers as well as for the service providers. The Telecommunication sector provides a market worth of $3 billion in Brazil. The US companies have presently extended limited involvement in the telecommunication sector and are exploiting the benefits of extending private networks as well as equipments. The energy sector in Brazil also entails good prospects for US technology as well as equipment. The current agreements and subsequent legislations at higher government levels and the private sectors assures for future prospects. The US equipment manufacturers are encouraged to actually take benefit of the opportunities that already prevail and are prone to expand with regard to the internal demand that promotes the expansion of this sector. (Jennings, 15) The Indian markets along with its over one billion population, provides profitable as well as diverse opportunities for US exporters with the right kind of products, services as well as commitment. Such opportunities are accelerated with the depreciation of dollar in the recent years in relation to its competitive currencies. The infrastructure, high-tech, energy, health care, environmental, transportation as well as defense sector are prone to surpass the tens of billions of dollars mark in the mid-term as the Indian economy tend to globalize as well as emerge stronger. In the year 2005, the total bilateral trade was $26. 77 billion. The US exports to India in 2005 was enhanced to $7. 96 billion, which was a 30. 3 percent growth in comparison to the previous year. (India – Market of the month) The potentiality of India for US companies is promising since India is the second largest small car market of the world; India is one among the three countries that manufactures its own supercomputers; India is the one among the six nations that is able to launch its own satellites and; India is having the second biggest group of software developers immediately after the US. The Indo-US relation is presently growing through a remarkable transition. The two nations which were having a gap between them in political and economic terms during the latter part of the 20th century, presently consider their national goals converging on several areas. (India – Market of the month) Indian tariffs have been decreased considerably since the early part of the 1990s. Irrespective of the fact that the tariff and poor infrastructure entails remarkable challenges for foreign investment and development, the infrastructure needs in India also entail trade and investment facilities for US companies. The best prospects for US firms and US exports on the basis of estimated Indian imports from the US has been earmarked to be â€Å"Airport & Ground Handling, Computer and Peripherals, Education Services, Electrical Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution Equipment, Food Processing & Cold Storage Equipment, Oil & Gas Field Machinery, Pollution Control Equipment, Safety and security equipment, Telecommunication equipment, Textile Machinery, water etc†. (India – Market of the month) Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State for United States and Celso Amorim, Brazilian Foreign Minister in their meeting on 26th April, 2005 in Brazil had a discussion in relation to the common agenda of the two nations as well as that of the unique challenges which were confronting the entire hemisphere. (Common Goals and Challenges in Brazil-US’s Agenda) Brazil as well as Argentina poses certain particular business challenges to be confronted by the US firms. For example, legal provisions with regard to importing technology materials require payment of duties, tariffs and a value added tax — VAT which is as much as 22 percent of the total cost in Brazil. The business is even more complex in Brazil due to the variation of importation laws from one province to another. The fluctuating currency exchange rates as well as local economic issues pose grave challenges for conducting business. (Business Spotlight: Arrow South America) Franklin L. Lavin, Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, American Chamber of Commerce, New Delhi on May 1st, 2006 remarked that the Indo-US relationship have improved on many fields and have great prospects in the sphere of trade. However, US face remarkable challenges as well. Irrespective of the fact that India has exhibited good trade statistics and the progress in the sphere of economic reforms and are opening markets during the last one and half decade there still need to be improvement in several spheres in order to reflect India’s important part in the world economy. The economic philosophies of Fabian socialism as well as third world nationalism are holding India hostage for many years. As a result of this it has been pointed out that even with 30 percent growth in US exports to India during the last year, India could constitute only 1 percent of all exports of US. The economic reforms in India is in relation to world reforms as a result of this the momentum of India is not impressive in the context of the competition for global attention. (Remarks by Franklin L. Lavin Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, American Chamber of Commerce, New Delhi) The annual US exports of $8 billion dollar is what the US ships to Canada within two weeks. In terms of the US foreign direct investment in India the cumulative figure is only $6. 2 billion at the end of 2004, US being the largest investor while the US FDI in Singapore remains amounts to be $56. 9 billion. Irrespective of the fact that tariff for non-agricultural products have significantly reduced, it still remains at 40% in case of agricultural products. The vibrant IPR regime is considered critical to the enhancement of a creative, technologically advanced economy. Irrespective of the fact that India has opened up a silver of its retail sector to foreign investment, presently, the sector is still considered to be closed to most of the American retailers. US companies required to obviate the aggressive competition exerted by the companies from Europe, Canada, Korea and Japan by knowing how to adapt their products as well as facilitate their activities in order to take advantage of the huge potential in India. (Remarks by Franklin L. Lavin Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, American Chamber of Commerce, New Delhi) The trading companies are generally prone to four types of risk such as strategic risk, operational risks, internal financial risks and compliance risks. (Sadgrove, 83) The trading risks in Brazil are considered substantially greater in comparison to the developed nations. The political risks like dismissal or appointment of a key government minister can exert influence on the value of the share of the company to have fluctuations. The purchase of shares of Brazilian companies is subject to increasing risks of fluctuations in the exchange rates that may exert considerable losses. Exchange rates also have a tremendous impact on the profitability. Inflationary trends also influence much on the profitability by making the services of the company more expensive. (Sands, 27) For US Government, for over several years Brazil has been a bastion of anti communism while the other states of South America seem to be leaning towards communistic. Moreover, the US companies in Brazil never desire to take the risk by means of their operations being disrupted by that of the shipping turmoil. (Fitzgerald, 20) The US companies engaged in outsourcing of their software development to India are prone to be hurt by the industrial espionage and poor intellectual property safeguards. However, India is seen to have a far outstanding cultural and legal climate for IP protection than many other nations offering offshore coding. (Pedraja; Toman, 164) References Business Spotlight: Arrow South America. Retrieved from http://www. arrow. com/media_center/news/BusinessSpotlightArrowSouthAmerica. htm Accessed 11 December, 2006 Common Goals and Challenges in Brazil-US’s Agenda. 27 April, 2005. Retrieved from http://www. brazzilmag. com/content/view/2207/ Accessed 10 December, 2006 Fitzgerald, Michael. Intellectual property protection. CIO Magazine. 15 November, 2003. pp: 18-21 India – Market of the month. US Commercial Service India. Retrieved from http://www. buyusa. gov/india/en/motm. html? print=1 Accessed 10 December, 2006 Jennings, Horace. Brazil: slowly emerging giant offers enormous potential. Business America. March, 1994. Vol: 115; No: 3; pp: 14-16. Pedraja, Rene de La; Toman, Rene De La Pedraja. Latin American Merchant Shipping in the Age of Global Competition. Greenwood Press. 1999. Remarks by Franklin L. Lavin Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, American Chamber of Commerce, New Delhi. 1 May, 2006. Retrieved from http://www. ita. doc. gov/press/speeches/lavin_050106. asp Accessed 11 December, 2006 Sadgrove, Kit. The Complete Guide to Business Risk Management. Gower Publishing, Ltd. 2005. Sands, Gary. The Risks and Rewards of Investing in Brazil. Brazzil Magazine. 23 March, 2005. pp: 27-30

Colleges and Universities in Guam Pursuing Online Education in Guam 2019

Nearly a quarter of the population in Guam consists of U.S. military personnel and their dependents. Anderson Air Force Base, on the North side of the island, and Apra Harbor, a large U.S. Naval base, provide significant boosts to the economy of Guam. Colleges and universities are not plentiful on an island that depends heavily on tourism from Japan for income. However, thanks to advanced technology, residents and workers now have access to nontraditional degree programs in Guam through distance education. Online Degree Programs Now Available to Working Professionals and Temporary Residents in Guam Twenty years ago, telephone service was relatively unreliable throughout Guam. Guam colleges and universities have become highly accessible today, however, through the widespread availability of high speed internet. Improved technology is allowing working professionals and temporary residents to pursue associate degrees, bachelor degrees, and graduate degrees in a large variety of disciplines from the comfort of home. .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c:active, .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ued9082f719d412e7349b9487da3e364c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business IT Courses and Accompanied ExpectationsMany Universities and Colleges Allow Students to Complete Entire Degree Programs from Guam Whereas some distance education programs require students to periodically visit a campus location, many colleges and universities available in Guam allow students to complete entire degree programs through the internet. Flexible education options are now available through Guam schools, such as: Kaplan University: Nursing Degrees, Criminal Justice Degrees, and Management Degrees. University of Phoenix: Nursing Degrees, Management Degrees, and Criminal Justice Degrees. Warren National University: Computer Science Degrees and Engineering Degrees. Capella University: Psychology Degrees and Nonprofit Agency Degrees. Students Use Financial Aid Programs to Attend Online Colleges and Universities in Guam Many online colleges and universities for Guam residents will accept federal financial aid grants and loans. Employers, including the U.S. military, also commonly reimburse workers for college tuition. More information about accepted financial aid sources is available through each school. .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9:active, .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uabf963bf25295422b411c9f3bfa674a9:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Why Opt for a Masters In Business AdministrationAn extensive list of colleges and universities in Guam is available through College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website. 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Essay on Neil Degrasse Tyson - 1019 Words

Accomplishments of Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson I chose to research Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson because he has been an extraordinary role model for many people, both young and older. He has helped make learning about astronomy appeal to a much bigger audience than most have previously been able to do. He is a very intelligent man and has made many contributions to this world in his lifetime thus far. Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson was born October 5, 1958 in New York City, New York. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and went on to earn his BA in Physics from Harvard University, his MA in Astronomy from the University of Texas at Austin and his PhD in Astrophysics from Columbia University. Dr. Tyson is the recipient of eighteen†¦show more content†¦According to Dr. Tyson’s profile at Haydenplanetarium.org, in 2001, Dr. Tyson was appointed by President Bush to serve on a 12-member commission that studied the Future of the US Aerospace Industry and again in 2004 to a 9-member commission on the Implementation of the United States Space Exploration Policy. In 2006, the head of NASA appointed Dr. Tyson to serve on its prestigious Advisory Council. For five seasons, beginning in the fall of 2006, Tyson appeared as the on-camera host of PBS-NOVAs spinoff program NOVA ScienceNOW, which is an accessible look at the frontier of all the science that shapes the u nderstanding of our place in the universe. As director of the Hayden Planetarium, Dr. Tyson strayed away from traditional thinking in order to keep Pluto from being referred to as the ninth planet in exhibits at the center. Dr. Tyson has explained that he wanted to look at commonalities between objects, grouping the terrestrial planets together, the gas giants together, and Pluto with like objects, and to get away from simply counting the planets. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) confirmed this assessment by changing Pluto to the dwarf planet classification (Hayden Planetarium). Dr. Tyson is one of the most in-demand science experts. He gives talks across the country and is a media favorite whenever there is an important science issue making news. Dr. Tyson is known for his ability to make difficultShow MoreRelatedNeil Degrasse Tyson s Life845 Words   |  4 PagesNeil deGrasse Tyson A young boy wanders through the Hayden Planetarium, gazing at every planet model and space device he can spot. Little did the nine-year old know his future had been decided right then and there. He had no idea he would grow into one of the biggest contemporary scientists of our day. This young boy was Neil deGrasse Tyson. He later said, about this event, â€Å"So strong was that imprint that I m certain that I had no choice in the matter, that in fact, the universe called me. InRead MoreNeil Degrasse Tyson s Dwarf Book2375 Words   |  10 Pages Neil DeGrasse Tyson’s dwarf book is much like Pluto: It’s got plenty of interesting facts however it is mostly appreciated for the illustrations. Dr. Tyson’s new book, the publication is a space nonfiction of Pluto’s fall from planethood. Dr. Tyson wrote this book to explore the reasons why Pluto was demoted from the status of being a planet and all of the history behind the discovery. Also, due to his vast interest in Astronomy, Dr.Tyson was influenced to write The Pluto Files. Clyde TombaughRead MoreNeil Degrasse Tyson s Theory Of Evolution1890 Words   |  8 PagesNeil DeGrasse Tyson once said â€Å"The theory of evolution, like the theory of gravity, is a scientific fact†. Neil DeGrasse Tyson is an acclaimed astrophysicist, cosmologist, and science communicator and has influence in the scientific world we live in today. â€Å"Biological evolution, simply put, is descent with modification† (â€Å"An Introduction to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). â€Å"This definition encompasses small-scale evolution and large-scale evolution (the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations)†Read MoreCosmic Perspective Summary728 Words   |  3 PagesIn his article â€Å"The Cosmic Perspective†, Neil DeGrasse Tyson introduces us to the idea of the cosmic perspective. This concept puts all humanity in their place, for we are not the center of the universe. Tyson accomplishes this by stating that the issues that seem so big to u s are nothing when you see them with the cosmic perspective. He also talks about how the earth is so small that its like a speck of dust compared to the universe. He goes on to say that without the cosmic perspective we wouldntRead MoreThe Debate Over Time Resistance From Ignorance And Fear914 Words   |  4 Pagesit. People also have resist accepting new scientific ideas because they question their validity. They saw the theories being incomplete. Incomplete meaning, the scientist’s theory does not answer all the questions someone has on the subject. Neil deGrasse Tyson warns people about rejecting a scientific idea just because it doesn’t have all the answers (13).Problems in a theory are not a reason to reject the theory. Problems exist in every idea, theory, and dogma. Scientist recognize that ideas haveRead MoreLearning : The Bane Of My Existence1189 Words   |  5 Pagesis a necessary to change the way we see things or to grow. Neil DeGrasse Tyson got kicked out of the doctoral program of the University of Texas. If the great Mr. Tyson isn’t immune to failure we mere humans have no chance. We should see failure as a learning experiences it should push you to try to do things differently. Failing doesn’t determine whether or not someone succeeds what really matter s is how people react to failures. Mr. Tyson learned to embrace failure and continued trying till he achievedRead MoreRacism And Sexism For A Brighter Future949 Words   |  4 Pageswants to be a rocket scientist?†. As stated â€Å"in a recent New Yorker article, esteemed astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson reminisced that he d been advised to pursue sports instead of science by one of his high school teachers. Far from being a throwback to a bygone less enlightened era, Tyson s experience is the norm for many African-American students in re-segregated U.S. schools. While Tyson is widely revered as an icon of science literacy in humanist and atheist circles, there has been littleRead MoreEvolution, Structure, And Ultimate Fate Of Neil Degrasse Tyson2479 Words   |  10 PagesNeil deGrasse Tyson is a contemporary astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, and television host. He is best known for starring in numerous television shows explaining the universe in terms of physics. He states, â€Å"During our brief stay on planet Earth, we owe ourselves and our descendants the opportunity to explore — in part because it s fun to do. But there s a far nobler reason. The day our knowledge of the cosmos ceases to expand, we risk regressing to the childish view that the universe figurativelyRead MoreMy Personal Quest For Knowledge918 Words   |  4 PagesDissector program on campus in the Spring of 2015, I visited the Stanford Cadaver Lab with Biology Club this semester, and I traveled to see a talk by the world renowned American astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, and science communicator, Neil deGrasse Tyson. While I believe expanding my own knowledge is of the utmost importance, I have more passion for trying to educate and fascinate the scientific community. I have done so through many events I have volunteered at and for some I have organizedRead More The Power of Limiting and Empowering Beliefs and Values1074 Words   |  4 Pageswere taught to have like being religious, but don’t understand what it means to be a genuine, nice person. Religion does not supply everything a person needs. However, people need to make their own values and beliefs as they learn and grow. As Neil Degrasse Tyson, a famous astrophysicist once said. â€Å"kids are born curious about the world. What adults primarily do in the presence of kids is unwittingly thwart the curiosity of children. The more curious we are the more competent we are to remove the shackles